Basal ganglia Direct and indirect pathways - #Usmle Neuroanatomy Animations
Published 2020-07-05
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Basal ganglia Direct and indirect pathways - Neuroanatomy Animations
Basal ganglia
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The basal ganglia or basal nuclei are large masses of grey matter located within the central core of the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. The basal ganglia are composed of the following grey nuclei:
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Amygdaloid nuclear complex (or Amygdala)
Claustrum
Substantia nigra (within the midbrain)
Subthalamic nucleus
The lentiform nucleus is composed of two groups of neuronal soma (grey matter) known as the putamen and globus pallidus. The lentiform and caudate nuclei together constitute a mass of grey matter, the corpus striatum.
Therefore, the basal ganglia can also be defined as a large mass of grey matter composed of the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum, which is situated deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.
Note that the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus are not included in the above definition because they are usually described by several authors as only having a functional relationship with the basal ganglia.
Direct pathway of the basal ganglia (excitatory)
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Function: increase in motor activity
Pathway: motor cortex → glutamate release → stimulates striatum → GABA release → inhibits globus pallidus internus (GPi), which usually inhibits thalamus → disinhibition of thalamus → stimulates premotor cortex → activates muscles → ↑ movement
Additionally, the subthalamic nucleus stimulates substantia nigra → dopamine release → stimulates D1 receptor in striatum (further inhibits internal globus pallidus)
Indirect pathway of the basal ganglia (inhibitory)
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Function: decrease in motor activity
Pathway: motor cortex → glutamate release → stimulates striatum → GABA release → inhibition of globus pallidus externus (GPe) → less inhibition of subthalamic nucleus → stimulates substantia nigra and globus pallidus internus (GPi) → inhibition of thalamus → inhibition of premotor cortex → deactivates muscles → ↓ movement
substantia nigra → dopamine release → stimulates D2 receptor in striatum → inhibits GABA release → disinhibition of globus pallidus externus (GPe) → GABA release → inhibition of subthalamic nucleus → decreases stimulation of GPi → disinhibition of thalamus → ↑ movement
Functions
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There are a growing number of studies focused on the functions of the basal ganglia, as its functions are yet to be fully understood. However, the following are established functions involving the basal nuclei:
a.Planning and modulation of movement pathways
b.The basal nuclei is involved in the control of movement and learning
c.Coordinating motivation with body movement. Specifically, the basal ganglia inhibits individual behavior in a complex social interaction and also inhibits small voluntary movement
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All Comments (21)
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This is hands down one of the best videos explaining both the pathways. Makes it so easy to understand DBS targets. Brilliant!!!
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I can't believe this video exists... Thank you so much!
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FINALLY a great video about this topic. Congratulations, great work! Thank you very much.
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Amazing video. 8 mins did what 1 hour of lectures couldn't do. Thank you
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Watched 5 videos on this concept and this video was my last!!! Snatched away all my confusions from the previous videos and gave the best, elaborate explanation for this concept in less than 10 minutes!! I stan, Sir!! Thanks a lot Dr. Prakash!!
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Nailed it ❤ I was entangled in textbook for 2 hrs
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This is helping me a lot in my PhD in Cognitive neuroscience
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The best video I have seen on this topic. It would have been very helpful during functional neurology training! Thank you for making and sharing this video, Dr. Prakash.
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Best video I have ever seen about Basal ganglia
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I was unable to find a video of about 10 min for a topic ....but now finally it's there ..great work.. Thank u ... 👍🏻
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Was very worried about basal nuclei Later found this video,its just awesome. Great work .
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The best clip i have ever seen !!!
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Cant believe i can finally understand these pathways, thx alot 🙏
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Wow our brain is amazing 🧠. Great explanation. Thank you!
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Thanks a megaton for this, couldn't have understood better!
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I will never get why random ass youtube videos (that's meant in a good way) are easier to understand and better illustrated than my neuroscience lectures. Nowadays I don't even start reading the chapter of the books before checking out a video. Look how easy it is to comprehend this! Insane. Kudos and thanks for carrying me through my Uni ^^
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Superb precise explanation of Basal Ganglia circuits. Thank you Sir for this video... 🙏🤝
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thank you so much for such a great video. It is soo helpful
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Thank you sir. I was so confused after reading the textbook. This video cleared my concept 😊❤.
